GRAMMAR



      A. Definition of Grammar
            Grammar as the rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences. There are two basic elements in this definition: the rules of grammar; and the study and practice of the rules. The rules of grammar are about how words change and how they are put together into sentences. The knowledge of grammar also tells the learner what to do if he wants to put the some phrase into the sentence.  Grammar should be called the way in which words change themselves and group together to make sentences.[1]
Depending on one’s theoretical orientation, different people define grammar differently. Leech et al viewed grammar as an important component that relates phonology and semantics, or sound and meaning. Huddleston seen grammar as consisting of morphology and syntax. Morphology deals with forms of words while syntax deals with the ordering of the words to form sentences. Cobbett regarded grammar as constituting rules and principles that help a person to make use of words or manipulate and combine words to give meaning in a proper manner. It concerned with form and structure of words and their relationships in sentences. This means that as the word order or form in a sentence changes, the meaning of the sentence also changes.[2]
B.     The materials in grammar.
           There are many materials in grammar. One of them is tenses. In this research, the writer will focus in mastering the form of tenses.
           Many people who study English, difficult to find the correct meaning about tenses whereas in English, Tenses is very important. Impossible to get a good writing and speaking, if someone does not understand and mastering tenses. Tenses simply mean form of verb that shows the time.[3]
1.   Simple present tense
Form = S + infinitive / infinitive + s
2.   Present continuous tense
     Form = S + be ( am, is, are ) + present participle ( -ing form )
3.   Simple past tense
     Form = S + Past tense
4.   Simple past continuous tense
     Form = S + be (was/were) + present participle ( -ing form ).[4]




[1]Jarmila. Teaching Grammar at The Basic Schools according to the Framework Education Programme, Bachelor Thesis, (Brno : Masaryk University in Brno Pedagogical Faculty, 2006), p. 11
[2]Siti Rohani , Teaching of Grammar : Teacher’s Beliefs, Instructional Context and Practices, Thesis, (2007), p. 18-19
[3]Hilman Fariz Mukti, Complete English Grammar : (Yogyakarta : Absolut, 2002), p. 177
[4] Fuad Mas’ud, Essentials of English Grammar (Yogyakarta : BPFE Yogyakarta, 1996), p. 26

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