CONCEPT OF PARAGRAP
A. The
concept of Paragraph
1.
Definition of paragraph
Paragraph is a group of related
statements that a writer develops
about a subject or it is a
collection of sentences deal with one subject. The first sentence states the
specific point, or idea of the topic. The rest of the sentence in the paragraph
support that point.An effective paragraph consists of a topic sentences,
sentences that support this topic ( the body of paragraph), and a conclusion.
When there is new topic, the writers have to a new paragraph. Each paragraph
should tell the reader about one subject, and should leave them with a good
idea of what ever the writer is talking about.[1]
Each sentence in a paragraph says
something about the topic. The main idea of a paragraph is one sentence which
tells what all of the sentence say about the topic. Every paragraph has a main
idea. It is like a summary of the information in the paragraph.[2]
a.
The three parts of a
paragraph
1)
The topic sentence
A
topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph. It briefly indicates what the paragraph is going
to discuss. For this reason, the topic sentences is
a help ful guide to both the writer and the reader.
2) Supporting
sentence
sopporting
sentences develop. That is, they explain or prove the topic sentence by
giving more information about it.
3)
The conclusion of sentence
the
conclusion sentence signals the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader with
important point to remember :
“
in conclusion, gold is treasured not only for is beauty but also for its utility”.Concluding
sentence are customary for stand-alone paragraph.[3]
b. Kinds
of writing paragraph
1) Description
Description
writing appeals to the sense, so it tells how something looks, fells, smells, tasters, and sounds. A
good description is like a " word picture “, the reader can image the
object, place or person in his mind.
2) Argumentation
( opinion )
Argumentation
is to convince or persuade someone that’s something is true or should be done
or case.
3) Narration
Narration
is story writing about events in the order that they happened, actual and
imaginative to entertain or amuse and to deal with vicarious experiences.
4) Exposition
Exposition
is how to explain something is made, done, or how to do something ( ways,
methods, and procedures ).[4]
c. Characteristics
of the paragraph
The characteristics of
the paragraph are :
1) Every
paragraph containts the meaning, messages, thoughts or ideas that are relevant
principal with the idea of an aggregate principal essay.
2) In
general, a paragraph was built by a number of sentences.
3) Paragraph
is an expression of unity of mind.
4) Paragraph
is coherent and unified entity.
5) Sentence
in paragraph are arranged logically and systematically.
d. The
function of paragraph
1) Paragraph
serves as a reservoir of a small line of thought or idea of an aggregate principal
essay.
2) Paragraph
easier way of thinking or understanding the main idea the author. Writing a
well-planned paragraph is always logical and systematic. A
well-structured paragraph is a tool for authors and readers.
3) Paragraph
allows the author gave birth to her thoughts in a systematic way. For the readers,
the sentences that were systematically arranged them very easy to
navigate and understand yhe author’s mind.
4) Paragraph
directs the reader in following the author’s train of thought and understanding.
5) Paragraph
is a messenger tool fragments or pieces of mind.
6) Paragraph
is a marker of new thoughts began to take place.[5]
In
paragraph there are things that should be avoided as follow :
a)
Paragraph should not be too long.
Paragraph is concentration of mind. Paragrphs that are too
long Can
cause loss of concentration when the reader thinks the author follow the path
outlined in the essay.
b)
Senteces paragraphs
should avoid discordant.
Discordant
sentences are sentences that have nothing to do with the core problems in
paragraph.Discordant senteces in a
paragraph nothing
transforms a loose inserts the word context.With a sentences of tune,harmony and unity
of the paragraph becomes damage contents suddenly disapeared.
c)
Paragraph should not be
more than one topic sentences.
A
good paragraph topic sentence contains only one has two advantages that speech
becomes more focused and paragraphs into not too long.[6]
B. The
concept of Descriptive
a.
Definition of Descriptive
Descriptive is the
essay that describes something real so that the reader can see, hear, feel,
and smell what is described according to the image of the writer.[7]
The descriptive paragraph allows writers to pick one element, such as a person, a room,
or some place scenic, and describe what it looks like.[8]Usually,
the descriptive are provided to help the writer accomplish a specific purpose. A
writer may describe an event to urge someone to buy a product, take a specific action,
or adopt a particular point of view. Descriptive writing is
often used in advertising.
When
write a descriptive of a person, we tell what he or she looks like. When describe a
place, tell what it looks like. If we describe a scene with place, we might first
describe the place, and then we might also what is happening and what the
people are doing.
There are two keys to write a good
descriptive. The first key is
to
use space order. In space order, students might describe something from top to bottom or from left to
right. for example, students might describe their classroom like this: imagine that
students are standing in the doorway. Writing about each part of the room in order ,
moving from the left side of the room around to the right side and ending at the
doorway again. The second key is to use specific details.when sudents
describe something , students paint a picture with words. Their goal
is to make their reader “ see “ what students have described. The way to do this is to use a lot of
specific details. Specific means exact, precise. The opposite of specific is
vague. The more specific students can be, the better their reader can see what
students are describing.[9]
In reading descriptive writing, be sure to follow these steps :
1.
Identify the subject of the essay ( ask
yourself who or what is being descried ).
2.
Pay close attention to the writer’s choice of
words.
3.
Estabilish the overall
impression the writer is trying to create.
4.
Pay particular
attention to the first and last paragraph.[10]
b. The
purpose of descriptive
Descriptive
is aim to describe things in accordance with what is seen alone by the author. Object described is
something that we ake with the senses,such as traffic at rush hour, colored
lights on the anniversary of
independence,
a crowd in the market and so fourth.[11]Descriptive
also aim is to
paint a picture with words for the reader.[12]
It means that the reader really feel about the condition which there is in the
paragraph altough it only story.
c.
The characteristics of
descriptive :
1) Picture
of what is and it is depicted with a lively –life.
2) There
is no consideration or opinions.[13]
C. The
concept of conclusion
a. Definition
of conclusion
Conclusion is the last paragraph in an essay or a longer
report. It is the last bit of paper that
the reader will see, so it is important for the conclusion paragraph to sum up
the paper and leave the reader feeling as if the information have
written is important and meaningful.[14]The
conclusion that
students have completed the essay. This is achieved by either writing a summary of the main
points discussed in the body of the essay or by rewriting the thesis
statement in different words. Then students add your final comments on the
subject- food for thought. Since this is their last opportunity to make their point,
students should write a strong, effective message that the reader will remember.[15]
The
best way a writer can put together a great conclusion is to ask theirselves what the
purpose of the essay was. Why did students write, what students wrote and
why does he feel it’s important? When students identifies what makes them essay meaningful, students
can then settle on how to leave a lasting impression upon them readers.[16]
When
studying and writing literature, it is very important to know how to write a
conclusion. A conclusion is one of the essentials of any written matter. Hence, the
writer needs to make sure that enough effort and thought is put into the
conclusion.
b. The
purpose of a conclusion
The
purpose of a conclusion is to tie together, or integrate the various issues, research,
etc. Convered in the body of the paper, and to make comments upon the
meaning of all of it. This includes noting any implications resulting from your
discussion of the topic, as well as recommendations, forecasting future
trends, and the need for further research.[17]
In
addition, the conclusion is the final paragraph in an essay it has three
purposes, as follows :
1)
It signals the end of
the essay. To do so, begin students’ conclusion with a transition signal. See
transition in appendix C, pages 29/7-299.
2)
It reminds students’
readersof their main points, which
student can do in one of
two
ways, student can
a.
Summarize students’
subtopics.
b.
Paraphrase students’
thesis.
3)
It leaves students’ reader with students’
final thought on the topic. This is students’ opportunity to convey a
strons, effective message that students’ reader will rember.
Here are techniques that students can use to
write a memorable conclusion :
a.
Make a prediction.
b.
Suggest result or consequences.
c.
Suggest a solution,
make a recommendation, or call for action.
d.
Quote an authorilly on
the topic.[18]
The conclusion should :
a. Be
a logical ending to what has been previously been discussed. It must pull together all of
the parts of the argument and refer the reader back to the focus have
outlined in the introduction and to the central topic. This gives the essay a
sense of unite.
b.
Never contain any new information.
c.
Add to overall quality and impact of the
essay. This is final statement
about
this topic : thus it can make a great impact on the reader.
c.
The content of the
conclusion
The
conclusion may include :
1)
A summary of the
arguments presented in the body and how these relate to the essay question.
2)
A restatement of the
main point of view presented in the introduction in response to the topic.
3)
The implications of
this view or what might happen as a result.
d.
The structure of the
conclusion
the
structure of the conclusion is begin with a sentence that refers to the main subject was
discussed in the body in the essay. Make
sure that this sentence also links to
the preceding paragraph, or uses words such as in conclusion to signal
that these are students’ final words on the subject.
Then,
may give a brief summary of the argument and identify the main reasons/ causes /
factors that relate to the question student have been asked to address. If
there are two or more parts to the question , be sure to include responses to
each part in students’ conclusion.
Finally,
it is a good idea to add a sentence or two to reinforce the thesis statement
which used in the introduction. This shows the reader that have done what said
would do and gives a sense of unity the essay. Generally, although a short
pithy quote can sometimes be used to spice up the conclusion, the conclusion
should be in own words. Try to avoid direct quotations, or reference to other
sources.[19]
[1] Sitti Harmawati. Increasing Ability in Writing Paragraph
Using Formal Outline ( A case study at the fourth semester for the English
study program of Tarbiyah Faculty of STAIN WATAMPONE ), A Thesis , ( Watampone
: STAIN , 2009 ), P. 17
[2] James W. Ramsay. Basic Skills For Academic Reading ( USA : Regent/Prentice Hall,
1986 ), P. 72
[3] Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue. Writing Academic English, fourth edition
( USA : Pearson Longman, 2006 ) ,P.3-4.
[4] Seri Sentari. The Effectiveness of Spider Web Method in
Writing Paragraph at the eight class of SMP Negeri 7 WATAMPONE. A Thesis (
Watapone : STAIN, 2009 ), P. 11
[5] Nursisto, Loc cit
[7] Ibid, P. 40
[8] Martin Rojas., Loc.cit
[9] Ann Hogue. First Steps In Academic Writing. ( USA : Longman , 1996 ), P. 72
[10] Kathleen T. Mcwhorter. Efficient and Flexible Reading, third edition, ( USA : Harper
Collins Publishers, 1992), P. 266
[11] Nursisto, Loc cit
[12] Martin Rojas, Loc cit
[13] Nursisto, Op cit, P.41
[14] Trent Lorcher. How to Write a Conclusion Paragraph for English Class, http
://www.brighthub.com/education/ k-12/articles,2010. Accessed on Desember,25
th, 2010
[16] Cynthia Jones-Soeman. Writing an Effective conclusion for an Academic Essay, http ://www.sute
101. Com/ content/writing-an-effective-conclusion-for-an-academic-essay.2010.
Accessed on Desember, 25 th, 2015
[17] Academic Skils Centre . Writing a Conclusion , http :
//www.Canberra. edu . au/Studyskils/writing/conclusion. Accessed On
December, 25 th, 2010
[18] Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue, Op cit, P.72
[19] Rowena Harper. Writing a Conclusion . http :
//www.Canberra. edu . au. Accessed On December, 25 th, 2015
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